Potential Relief for those Convicted of Criminal Offenses that Previously Prohibited Possession of Firearms by Benjamin J. Steinberg, Esq. (June 11, 2024) The Second Amendment to the United State Constitution provides that “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” Since the dynamics of the U.S. Supreme Court have changed over the last several years, so has their view on this important right. In a recent decision, New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, the Court explained that the Second Amendment should be treated, interpreted and protected like any other constitutional right held by the citizens of the United States, stating: The constitutional right to bear arms in public for self-defense is not “a second-class right, subject to an entirely different body of rules than the other Bill of Rights guarantees.” McDonald, 561 U.S. at 780, 130 S.Ct. 3020 (plurality opinion). We know of no other constitutional right that an individual may exercise only after demonstrating to government officers some special need. That is not how the First Amendment works when it comes to unpopular speech or the free exercise of religion. It is not how the Sixth Amendment works when it comes to a defendant's right to confront the witnesses against him. And it is not how the Second Amendment works when it comes to public carry for self-defense. 597 U.S. 1, 70–71 (2022). This was the reasoning utilized by the Supreme Court when it held unconstitutional the State of New York’s “proper-cause requirement” for granting an unrestricted license to carry a handgun in public, under which an applicant has to demonstrate a special need for self-protection distinguishable from that of the general community. Similarly, the federal district and circuit courts, including the Third Circuit, the highest level federal appellate court, other than the U.S. Supreme Court, that has jurisdiction over federal cases in Pennsylvania, are now leaning toward broadening the protection afforded by the Second Amendment. This was most recently illustrated in the case of Range v. Atty. Gen. U.S. of Am., 69 F.4th 96 (3d Cir. 2023), involving the federal prohibition of persons convicted of crimes punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year under the federal “felon-in-possession law” codified at 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(1). In Range, the plaintiff, who had been convicted of making false statements regarding his income in order to fraudulently obtain food stamps, an offense graded in Pennsylvania as a first degree misdemeanor punishable by a term of imprisonment up to five years, was denied the right to purchase a firearm under the federal “felon-in-possession law,” 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), which prohibits one from possessing a firearm or ammunition when they have been convicted of a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year. Although state misdemeanors are excluded from that prohibition if they are “punishable by a term of imprisonment of two years or less,” 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(20)(B), that safe harbor provided no refuge for Mr. Range because he faced up to five years' imprisonment, though he only served a term of probation. Nevertheless, the Third Circuit found that the “felon-in-possession law” was too broad in that it restricted the right to bear arms from persons convicted of non-violent crimes, many of which could not have been contemplated back in the time when our forefathers drafted the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. The ruling in Range is an important one, as there are numerous non-violent crimes punishable by prison terms exceeding one year that were previously prohibitive, but now may be viewed as exceptions to the federal and state firearm possession prohibitions. While the law is still developing in this area, it is clear that the courts are moving toward protecting citizens’ Second Amendment rights more vigorously than they have in over a quarter century or more. If you have a record of a conviction of a non-violent offense in Pennsylvania that is graded as a misdemeanor of the first degree or higher and you wish to explore the possibility of restoring your Second Amendment rights, please give us a call to discuss your options. ***Nothing in this article should be read or construed to constitute legal advice, nor to establish any attorney-client relationship. Further, the status of the law may have changed since this article was published. If you wish to pursue restoration of your right to bear arms, you should contact an attorney for professional legal advice and guidance.*** If you wish to discuss your eligibility and options for restoration of your firearm rights, call Myers Law Group, LLC at (724) 778-8800 to speak with an experienced attorney.

Myers Law Group, LLC was recently successful at the trial court level in litigating an interesting case involving the intersection of homeowner’s associations, encroachments, and adverse possession. In this instance, Myers Law Group, PLLC was successful in having the Court find that their clients had successfully adversely possessed an approximately one (1) acre parcel of a planned residential community’s common area. In light of this litigation, we felt it would be helpful in looking at these issues and sharing some information that can be of assistance to homeowner’s associations and the residents of planned communities concerning how to deal with issues involving encroachment on community or common property within planned residential communities. What are Encroachments? Encroachments are an unwelcome intrusion on an owner’s property by another. This can range from relatively low impact encroachments such as people entering onto other’s property in a simple trespassory manor all the way to the establishment of landscaping, features such as sheds and retaining walls, or attempts to expand a neighboring property. Often, encroachments are unintentional or the result of unclear property boundaries, for example a pre-existing fence not being situated on the actual property line but being treated as if it were or an instance where one property owner cares for an maintains a portion of another’s property due to confusion over where the property lines are. However, while many encroachments are unintentional or based on mistake of fact, encroachments are also the opening gambit for more serious issues. For planned communities, encroachments can be especially difficult to deal with when it comes to common area both within the community and surrounding the community. What is Adverse Possession? In Pennsylvania, a claim of adverse possession gives a trespasser legal title to property if they can prove actual, continuous, exclusive, visible, notorious, distinct, and hostile possession of property for (in most cases) 21 years. Recent legislative changes have, in some circumstances, reduced this amount of time to only 10 years. One motivating factor behind the continued legality of adverse possession is that it ensures land does not lay dormant: it incentivizes property owners to timely assert their ownership rights and, if they fail to do so, allocates real property to those who put it to use. Land, buildings, and even rooms within buildings can be obtained through adverse possession. Adverse possession can be especially difficult to protect against on planned community common property, as some of this property may not be regularly monitored, or people who do notice adverse possession occurring may refrain from doing anything as they may think they have no basis to attempt to stop the adverse possession. Practical Solutions Homeowner’s Associations must contend with a wide variety of issues, but one that frequently tends to get overlooked or given reduced emphasis is protecting the common area boundaries of their planned communities. While homeowner’s associations certainly want to be fiscally responsible, there are several steps that can be taken prior to litigation that can prevent being brought into an expensive and time-consuming legal matter with regards to encroachments and adverse possession issues. Three practical steps that can be taken to avoid disputes are:  First, understand your property boundaries. While descriptions in deeds and easement agreements provide a starting point, this is best accomplished with assistance from a professional surveyor who can stake out visible boundary markers on your property;  Second, understand what activities are inconsistent with the purposes of any allowances to use the property or that effectively encroach on the property;  Finally, regularly monitor the property and assert your property rights to avoid encroachment. Regular monitoring will inform you of potential or actual encroachment and provide an opportunity to take appropriate action to avoid an adverse possession dispute, whether that means granting permission for use in writing or ejecting the trespasser from the property. In the matter recently handled by Myers Law Group, our client was a property owner who had used a portion of a neighboring planned community’s common area property as an extension of their yard since the late 1970s. This included mowing, landscaping, and maintaining it, along with erecting sheds and playground equipment on the property and using it for social functions throughout the spring, summer, and fall. After receiving a letter from the neighboring planned community concerning the planned community’s understanding of the property boundaries, our clients sought to obtain title to the parcel by means of adverse possession and were ultimately successful. While the homeowner’s association did take some initial steps to prevent encroachments, there efforts were not appropriate to prevent a taking by adverse possession. This begs the question, what could be done to prevent this? As discussed above, the first is having a clear understanding of your property boundaries. The best way to do this is to have the property surveyed professionally, as mere reliance on metes and bounds descriptions or legal descriptions in deeds in often insufficient to properly understand. This is especially the case when dealing with common area property that is designed to be left alone. In the example case we are using, the community had been designed with common area serving as a buffer between the community and neighboring properties. As such, large portions of it were left unmonitored and neighbors were able to freely encroach on the property. Where in encroachments and/or trespasses are happening, there are two ways to protect property interests and guard against others gaining an interest in your property rights: Oust the trespassers, whether with the assistance of the police, court action, or otherwise; or Give permission for the use. If the use is permissive, it’s no longer a trespass and the time counting towards ownership or easement by adverse possession ends. Certain encroachments or trespasses will require you to take action to oust trespassers. In Pennsylvania, there are limited self-help options, and many of those, such as placing posted or no trespassing signs, can be ineffective on their own, or erecting barriers to entry such as fences or employing personal to serve as security can be costly. Encroachments or trespasses that may create safety risks or devalue the property should be addressed via reporting them to the police and bringing legal action to either eject a party or things like landscaping or retaining walls or fences from the property. In the case recently handled by Myers Law Group, a large portion of the encroachments that were incurring were simply people entering onto the property for recreational or social activities or general maintenance of the grounds and plants. In this case, the homeowner’s association did ultimately learn of the encroachments, but only took relatively minor enforcement efforts of sending letters asking that the encroachments and trespass cease and placing no trespassing signs on the property. Counterintuitively, this can actually help to strengthen an adverse possession claim as it can help to show the adverse nature of the use and possession. In this case, the homeowner’s association could have cut the adverse possessors off at the pass by (again somewhat counterintuitively) giving the trespassers permission to for their use. Permission can be granted to others who do not have an interest in the property via three main means: an easement, lease, or license. Easements and leases can be problematic as they both constitute interests in real property and are encumbrances on title. Further, depending on specific homeowner’s association regulations and bylaws, it may be impractical or impossible to use one of these tools. For these reason, providing a limited use license can be a practical and economical solution to protect a planned community’s common areas from adverse possession and maintain positive relationships with neighbors. License: Permissive Use Revocable at Any Time A grant of a license to use real property provides the licensee the right to enter or occupy certain property for a specific purpose but only for so long as the owner has no objection. In other words, the owner may withdraw permission at any time for any (or no) reason. No formal agreement is needed to establish a license; a simple letter from the owner to the licensee will suffice. Not putting the license in writing is risky, because an encroacher might claim that the owner provided the encroacher with an oral lease—a permission not immediately revocable—rather than a license, which is revocable at any time. In Pennsylvania, a successful claim of oral lease may result in the unwanted use continuing for up to three years. Also, without evidence that the owner has exercised control, there is still risk of a claim of adverse possession. Characteristics of a License The following characteristics of a license are the interpretation that Pennsylvania law will provide unless the parties provide otherwise in their documentation:  Property interest. The license is not an interest in real property and, thus, not an encumbrance on title.  Exclusivity. A license is not exclusive. The owner can use the licensed area too.  Revocability. A license is revocable at any time.  Transferability. A license is not transferable. This includes both transfers to other persons by assignment and transfers to subsequent owners of a benefited property. For example, if a neighbor is given permission to maintain an encroaching fence on your property, the benefit of that license doesn’t accrue to a subsequent owner of the neighboring land. Special Considerations In the case we have been discussing, a large portion of the homeowner’s association’s unsuccessful defense at the trial court level was based on the heightened standard for the adverse possession of property considered to be woodland. Woodland has not been specifically declined, and Pennsylvania case law makes it clear that the determination of whether a property is woodland is a threshold decision to be made by the trial court. This is important, because in Pennsylvania woodland can only be adversely possessed on a heightened standard; requiring that the parcel is used for human habitation with a structure for habitation erected upon it or if it is cultivated for agricultural purposes. However, the trial court in our case reached the threshold decision that the parcel in dispute was no longer unenclosed woodland and the party seeking adverse possession had altered it from a wooded state. As such, it is important that homeowner’s associations actively take steps to protect the boundaries of their common area property and do not just rely on the potential that any attempt at adverse possession would be stopped by the natural condition of the land. Should you have questions about establishing procedures to protect against encroachments or adverse possession of planned community common areas or to address any such issues relating to protecting your common areas, call Myers Law Group, LLC at (724) 778-8800 to speak with an experienced attorney. Nothing in this article should be read or construed to constitute legal advice, nor to establish any attorney-client relationship. Further, the status of the law may have changed since this article was published. For updated information on these Pennsylvania Real Estate Law matters or their specific application to your situation, you should contact an attorney for professional legal advice and guidance. This article constitutes legal advertising in some states.

The Covid-19 Pandemic and its accompanying casualty rate has led many to take a look at their estate plans. One of the first questions often asked is “Why do I need a Will?” and “What happens if I die without a Will?” A Will is a legal document that allows you to determine how you would like your assets distributed at the time of your death. If you don’t have a Will, you are said to have died “intestate”, and in Pennsylvania, when you die intestate, the State will decide for you how your assets will be allocated and to whom they will be given. Pennsylvania’s Intestate statute can be found at 20 Pa. C.S. 2101 and states that “all or any part of the estate of a decedent not effectively disposed of by will or otherwise passes to his heirs as prescribed by this chapter, except as modified by the decedent’s will.” In other words, if you don’t have a Will, we’ll effectively make one for you. One of the things that surprises many people is that, in Pennsylvania, the surviving spouse is not automatically entitled to the intestate spouse’s entire estate upon their death. If there are also surviving children or parents of the deceased, then the spouse receives a varying portion of the deceased’s estate. For example, if there are surviving children that are not the children of the surviving spouse, the spouse will only receive one-half of the decedent’s estate, with the remainder going to the children. If there is no surviving spouse, Pennsylvania statute lists who is next in line for your assets. The order goes as follows: children; parents; siblings, or if they are not alive, then nieces and nephews; grandparents; uncles/aunts and cousins; and finally, if there is no one left after all of that, then the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania will take your estate. As you can see from the above list, if you want your assets to be given to those that you want, having a Will is the way to do it. But it’s not just who gets your assets that are why having a Will is important. If you have minor children, you will also want to be certain that their physical and financial wellbeing are provided for as well. A Will allows you to appoint a guardian to take care of your minor children. It also allows you to provide a Testamentary Trust to take care of your children’s inherited assets and to have them be used for their benefit. A Testamentary Trust is a type of trust that is established by a Will, which is also known as a “Last Will and Testament”. A Testamentary Trust essentially states that if you die, and your children survive you and will inherit your assets prior to a particular age that you determine, then any assets that they are entitled to at your death will be placed in a trust for their benefit. This Trust will be managed by a person that you name as Trustee, until the children reach that predetermined age. The Trust is generally used for the children’s health, education and general welfare. If you die intestate with minor children, and their other parent does not survive you, then a guardian will be appointed by the Court on their behalf. Any assets that would go to them if they are under the age of eighteen will go into a trust for them, but the Court, not you, will determine who will manage the distribution of those assets to the children. They will receive the balance at age eighteen, even if you would have preferred that they be older before being given control over those assets themselves. A Will doesn’t have to be overly long or complicated to accomplish what you would like to do. An experienced estate planning attorney can guide you through the best way to plan ahead for the time when you are no longer here, and to ensure that your assets are placed where and with whom you choose. Having your estate plan completed is a gift in and of itself, beyond any assets left to an individual. It will make things easier for those you have left behind, and ensures that your last wishes are followed. If you wish to discuss your estate planning needs, call Myers Law Group, LLC at (724) 778-8800 to speak with an experienced attorney. Nothing in this article should be read or construed to constitute legal advice, nor to establish any attorney-client relationship. Further, the status of the law may have changed since this article was published. For updated information on the Pennsylvania intestate laws or its specific application to your situation, you should contact an attorney for professional legal advice and guidance. This post is considered legal advertising in some states.